Knowledge base

Knowledge base

Welcome to the IoT Knowledge Base, your central source for everything you need to know about the Internet of Things (IoT), from basic principles and technologies to advanced applications and innovation in the IoT ecosystem.

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Knowledge base

PLC

What is a PLC? A PLC, or Programmable Logic Controller, is an industrial computer with a microprocessor designed to automatically control machines, processes, and systems. The PLC reads signals from sensors or other input devices, processes that information based on pre-programmed logic, and then activates output devices such as motors, valves, or relays. PLCs are the backbone of modern industrial automation and are engineered to operate reliably in environments with high levels of dust, vibration, moisture, and electromagnetic interference. How Does a PLC Work? A PLC operates using a cyclic program (scan cycle), consisting of: Reading inputsSensors, buttons, switches, and measurement devices send signals to the PLC. Processing logicThe PLC compares these inputs against the programmed control scheme, often built in ladder diagrams or function block logic. Executing outputsResults are sent to actuators such as lights, motors, or valves. Diagnostics and communicationThe PLC monitors system status and sends data to HMIs, SCADA, or MES systems. Main Components of a PLC CPU (central processing unit) executes the programmed instructions. I/O modules connect digital and analog signals. Power supply delivers power to the modules. Communication modules support fieldbus protocols such as Modbus, CAN, Profibus, Ethernet/IP. Programming software includes platforms such as Codesys, TIA Portal, or GX Works. Applications of PLCs PLCs are used across nearly all sectors where machines or processes require automatic control: Machine building and industrial manufacturing, for controlling robots, conveyor systems, and assembly lines. Building automation, for lighting control, HVAC systems, and access control.Water treatment and infrastructure, for monitoring pumps, valves, levels, and alarms. Energy and utilities, for measurement and control in transformer stations or grid monitoring. Agriculture and food processing, for dosing systems, packaging lines, and temperature regulation. Advantages of PLCs High reliability, designed for 24/7 operation in industrial environments.Modular and scalable, easy to expand with additional I/O or communication modules.Real-time performance, very fast signal processing, crucial for time-sensitive processes.Long lifespan and serviceability, with field-replaceable components and advanced diagnostic options.Support for standard protocols, compatible with fieldbuses and industrial networks such as OPC UA, MQTT, and Modbus. PLC vs. Other Control Systems Feature PLC PC-based Control Embedded Controller Reliability Very high Lower with standard OS Depends on hardware Programmability Structured IEC 61131-3 Free language choice Often vendor-specific Maintenance Easy with diagnostics More complex Depends on application Cost Medium Low to high Varies More Information Contact us at +31-85-0443500 or info@thingsdata.com, or explore our range of PLC-compatible hardware in the Thingsdata webshop.
Knowledge base

RS232

What is RS232? RS232 (officially EIA-RS-232) is a standard for serial communication developed in the 1960s by the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA). The protocol defines the electrical, mechanical, and functional characteristics of communication between DTEs (Data Terminal Equipment), such as computers, and DCEs (Data Communication Equipment), such as modems.Although partially replaced by newer technologies like USB and Ethernet, RS232 is still widely used in industrial and embedded applications due to its simplicity, reliability, and broad hardware support. How Does RS232 Work? RS232 uses asynchronous serial communication, where data is transmitted bit by bit over one wire (Tx) and received over a second wire (Rx). The communication is clockless and relies on start and stop bits to define character boundaries. Key characteristics include point-to-point communication, meaning always one-to-one and not multi-drop. It uses a single-ended signal, making it more sensitive to noise over long distances. Voltage levels range from ±3V to ±15V, where a negative voltage represents logic “1” and a positive voltage represents logic “0”. Maximum cable length depends on baud rate but is typically less than 15 meters. Advantages of RS232 RS232 is simple to implement and well-documented. It offers broad compatibility, being supported by thousands of devices from industrial machines to measuring instruments. It is cost-effective, requiring no special drivers or complex protocols. It is stable over short distances, making it ideal for local communication between devices. Applications of RS232 RS232 is still commonly used in sectors where reliability and simplicity outweigh speed. In industrial automation, it facilitates communication with HMIs, PLCs, data loggers, and controllers. In medical equipment, it enables straightforward data exchange between devices and monitoring software. In building automation, it is used for configuring HVAC controllers, security modules, and lighting systems. In embedded systems, it is used for debugging or managing microcontrollers and development boards like Arduino or Raspberry Pi. In telecom and network infrastructure, it allows access to the console ports of switches, routers, or firewalls. Limitations of RS232 RS232 is limited in cable length, typically up to 15 meters. It is sensitive to electromagnetic interference (EMI). It supports only point-to-point communication and is not suitable for bus networks like RS485. It has low transmission speeds, typically between 9600 and 115200 baud. RS232 vs. RS485 Feature RS232 RS485 Topology Point-to-point Multi-drop (1:32) Maximum distance ~15 meters ~1,200 meters Noise immunity Low High Signal type Single-ended Differential Multiple devices No Yes RS232 and Thingsdata Thingsdata supports RS232 communication in various industrial solutions, including routers and gateways with RS232 ports, protocol conversion from RS232 to TCP/IP, MQTT, or Modbus, remote monitoring of legacy equipment via LTE-M or NB-IoT, and eSIM connectivity linked to serial equipment in the field. More Information Contact us at +31-85-0443500 or info@thingsdata.com, or explore our range of industrial communication solutions in the Thingsdata webshop.
Knowledge base

eSIM bootstrap profile

What is a Bootstrap Profile? An eSIM bootstrap profile is an initial, preloaded network configuration on an eSIM (embedded SIM) that allows a device to connect to a mobile network as soon as it is activated — whether on the production line or in the field. This profile contains essential connectivity details such as an IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity), authentication information, and the address of the eSIM management platform (SM-DP+).Without a bootstrap profile, an eSIM device cannot establish a connection to the network to remotely receive further configurations such as downloading the operational SIM profile. Why Is a Bootstrap Profile Important? It enables the first network connection. Without it, no initial communication with the eSIM platform or provisioning system is possible. It is essential for Remote SIM Provisioning (RSP). The bootstrap profile allows the device to contact the Subscription Manager Data Preparation platform (SM-DP+) in order to download additional or replacement profiles. It simplifies mass deployments. Manufacturers can equip devices with a universal bootstrap profile that works globally, streamlining installation and logistics. It enables zero-touch provisioning. Once powered on, the device automatically connects to the network, downloads the correct SIM profile, and configures itself without manual intervention. What Does an eSIM Bootstrap Profile Contain? A temporary IMSI and keys for network access. The SM-DP+ address of the provisioning platform. Basic network parameters. Security certificates for encrypted communication. Optional roaming support for global access. The profile typically has limited functionality and is intended solely to establish the first network connection. How Does It Work in Practice? Factory installation, where the eSIM chip is programmed with the bootstrap profile by the manufacturer or a secure element vendor. Initial activation, where the device, when powered on, automatically searches for a network using the bootstrap profile. Connection to SM-DP+, where the eSIM establishes a secure link with the provisioning platform and receives instructions or a new, permanent SIM profile. Download of the operational profile, where the device installs a functional profile specific to the end user or application. The bootstrap profile is deactivated or overwritten. In many cases, it becomes inactive or is deleted after the operational profile is installed. Benefits of eSIM Bootstrap Profiles in IoT Applications Faster deployment of devices in the field without the need for a physical SIM card.Reduced manual configuration and lower installation costs.Global deployability through roaming or multi-IMSI profiles.High scalability for OEMs and system integrators.Remote lifecycle management via eSIM platforms. More Information Would you like to use eSIM bootstrap profiles for your IoT project? Thingsdata provides support for preprogramming eSIMs, managing them via SM-DP+ platforms, and implementing dynamic SIM profiles.Contact us at +31-85-0443500 or  info@thingsdata.com, or explore our eSIM solutions in the Thingsdata webshop.
Knowledge base

BACnet gateway

What is a BACnet Gateway? A BACnet gateway is a hardware device or software module that enables communication between devices using different network protocols, such as Modbus, KNX, or M-Bus, and a BACnet network. The gateway translates data structures, addressing schemes, and commands from one protocol to another, allowing interoperability between devices that would otherwise be incompatible. BACnet (Building Automation and Control Networks) is a globally accepted standard for communication and data exchange in building automation, defined by the ASHRAE 135 specification. It is commonly used in systems for HVAC, lighting, security, and energy management. Why Use a BACnet Gateway? Building automation systems often include equipment from various manufacturers, each using different communication protocols. A BACnet gateway serves as a bridge between protocols, enabling you to use existing devices within a BACnet-based setup, integrate new components without altering your infrastructure, and centralize data flows toward a BACnet-based building management system (BMS). What Does a BACnet Gateway Technically Do? Protocol translation involves converting data points from Modbus, KNX, or M-Bus into BACnet objects such as Analog Input or Binary Output. Address conversion restructures and adapts addresses and registers for compatibility. Polling and buffering retrieves data cyclically from non-BACnet devices and makes it available to BACnet controllers. Device mapping and tagging allows users to logically group devices and assign labels. Support for multiple interfaces enables connection via RS485, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or USB to different network types. Applications of BACnet Gateways Integration of HVAC systems, such as connecting Modbus sensors or ventilation units to a BACnet-based BMS. Smart metering, by translating measurement data from M-Bus or Modbus to BACnet for energy management. Building security and access control, by linking access systems with BACnet visualization. Lighting control and scene management, by integrating lighting modules via DALI or KNX into a BACnet environment. Building automation retrofits, by making existing systems BACnet-compatible without complete replacement. Benefits of BACnet Gateways Cost savings, as there is no need to replace existing equipment. Flexibility, with support for multiple protocols and interfaces. Scalability, allowing the addition of more devices without network restructuring. Standardization, through unified communication using the BACnet object model. Fast integration, often with configuration through a web interface or mapping tool. More Information Contact us at  +31-85-0443500 or info@thingsdata.com, or browse our offerings in the Thingsdata webshop.
Knowledge base

Mbus gateway

What is an M-Bus Gateway? An M-Bus gateway is a protocol converter that translates data from devices on an M-Bus (Meter-Bus) network into other industrial protocols, such as Modbus, BACnet, or MQTT.M-Bus is a European standard (EN 13757) for reading consumption meters, including heat meters, water meters, gas meters, and electricity meters.M-Bus gateways enable centralized monitoring, management, and integration of this data into building management systems (BMS), SCADA solutions, or IoT platforms. What Does an M-Bus Gateway Do? An M-Bus gateway acts as a bridge between the M-Bus network (where meters function as "slaves") and another system that needs to read or visualize the data. The gateway performs the following tasks: Polling of meters on the M-Bus network Decoding and structuring of raw measurement data Translation into target protocols such as Modbus RTU/TCP, BACnet, JSON, or MQTT Data consolidation in the form of registers, objects, or data points Management of multiple M-Bus devices via a single interface Why Use an M-Bus Gateway? Unified data collection from consumption meters in one system Compatibility with building management systems that do not natively support M-Bus Savings on cabling and hardware, since multiple meters can be connected through a single gateway Real-time insight into energy consumption and installation status Automation of billing or energy reporting Typical Applications of M-Bus Gateways Building automation: integration of heat, water, or electricity meters into a BACnet- or Modbus-based BMS Energy monitoring and submetering: collecting data from multiple units per building, floor, or room Smart metering in residential or commercial buildings: tracking usage and costs per unit or zone Industry and production environments: analyzing consumption of processes, machines, or heating/cooling systems Remote monitoring via IoT networks: reading M-Bus data via MQTT or HTTPS to cloud platforms Benefits of M-Bus Gateways Bi-directional communication: not just reading, but also remote configuration or resets Support for dozens of meters: one gateway can often manage 60 or more M-Bus slaves Flexible protocol support: Modbus RTU/TCP, BACnet/IP, JSON over HTTP(S), MQTT, REST APIs Local and remote connectivity: via RS232/RS485, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or LTE depending on the model Configuration via web interface or software tools: for easy mapping and diagnostics More Information Contact us at  +31 (0)85 0443500 or info@thingsdata.com, or explore our M-Bus solutions in the Thingsdata webshop.
Knowledge base

Modbus gateway

What is a Modbus Gateway? A Modbus gateway is a communication bridge between Modbus networks and other protocols or interfaces. The device translates data structures, registers, and messages between Modbus RTU or Modbus TCP and other protocols such as BACnet, MQTT, OPC UA, M-Bus, or proprietary systems. This enables devices that would otherwise be incompatible to be integrated within the same network or control system. Modbus is one of the most widely used industrial communication protocols, particularly in PLCs, sensors, HMIs, and measuring equipment. Gateways make it possible to connect these devices to modern or protocol-diverse environments. What Does a Modbus Gateway Do? A Modbus gateway performs tasks such as: Protocol conversionFor example, from Modbus RTU (serial) to Modbus TCP (Ethernet), or to BACnet/IP, MQTT, or OPC UA. Register mapping and restructuringRemapping Modbus registers so a new slave can emulate an older device. Master/slave conversionEnabling Modbus masters to communicate with multiple slaves or even other masters via the gateway. Data virtualizationConverting data into universal structures such as JSON or tag-based object models. Interface conversionConnecting RS232/RS485 modules to modern Ethernet, LTE, or Wi-Fi networks. Applications of Modbus Gateways Modbus gateways are used across a wide range of industries and projects, including: Building automationIntegrating HVAC controllers, lighting, or energy meters with BACnet systems. Industrial automationConnecting legacy Modbus equipment to modern SCADA, MES, or ERP systems. Remote monitoring via IoTTransmitting Modbus data via MQTT or HTTPS to cloud platforms. Migration and retrofittingReplacing old equipment without changing the existing infrastructure. Energy management and submeteringReading consumption meters using Modbus and displaying the data in dashboards or energy management systems. Examples of Gateway Functions Modbus RTU ↔ Modbus TCP Modbus ↔ BACnet Modbus ↔ MQTT (for IoT cloud integration) Modbus ↔ OPC UA Modbus ↔ JSON over HTTP(S) Benefits of Modbus Gateways Protocol-independent integrationConnect devices and systems from different generations and vendors Fast and reliableLow latency, suitable for real-time data communication Scalable and flexibleSupports multiple masters, slaves, and data points Easy configurationOften via web interface or provided software tools Cost-effectiveNo need to completely replace existing infrastructure More Information Contact us at +31-85-0443500 or info@thingsdata.com, or explore our Modbus gateways in the Thingsdata webshop.
Knowledge base

LTE UE

What is LTE UE? LTE UE (User Equipment) refers to all end-user devices that connect to an LTE (4G) network, such as routers, modems, smartphones, asset trackers, or industrial IoT devices.Within LTE networks, these devices are categorized into so-called LTE Categories (LTE Cat), which define their network capacity, data speeds, and performance characteristics. These categories allow LTE base stations (eNodeBs) to communicate effectively with devices based on their technical capabilities, such as downlink and uplink speeds, antenna configuration, and latency. Why Are LTE UE Categories Important? LTE devices differ in: Maximum data speed Number of antennas and supported frequency bands Support for duplex modes (FDD/TDD) Power consumption and energy efficiency Suitability for mobile or fixed applications The chosen LTE Cat directly affects the performance of your application, especially in IoT use cases where energy efficiency, reliability, and network integration are essential. Overview of Common LTE UE Categories LTE Cat Downlink Max Uplink Max Application Type Cat 0 1 Mbps 1 Mbps Low-power IoT (sensors, meters) Cat 1 10 Mbps 5 Mbps Versatile IoT, vehicle trackers Cat 3 100 Mbps 50 Mbps Smartphones, routers Cat 4 150 Mbps 50 Mbps Industrial routers, M2M applications Cat 6 300 Mbps 50 Mbps Routers with carrier aggregation Cat 7+ ≥300 Mbps ≥100 Mbps High-demand applications, 4G fallback for 5G devices Cat M1 1 Mbps 1 Mbps LTE-M (Low Power Wide Area) Cat NB1 ~60 Kbps ~30 Kbps NB-IoT, ultra-low power consumption Key Categories for IoT LTE Cat 1 Ideal balance between speed and energy consumption Supported in virtually all LTE networks Widely used for asset tracking, gateways, telematics LTE Cat M1 (LTE-M) Designed specifically for IoT Supports deep indoor coverage and low latency Very low power usage (suitable for battery-powered devices) LTE Cat NB1 (NB-IoT) Small data volume, extremely low power Not suitable for real-time communication Ideal for meters, sensors, and simple alerts What Determines a Device’s LTE Category? The LTE Cat is determined by: The modem chipset in the device The number of antennas (MIMO support) Supported frequency bands Supported LTE features (such as VoLTE, carrier aggregation) For example, a Cat 1 modem can never deliver the speed or capabilities of a Cat 6 device, regardless of network conditions. Why Are LTE UE Categories Relevant for Thingsdata Customers? Selecting the right device based on data speed, coverage, and power consumption Aligning with network profiles (e.g., NB-IoT vs. full LTE) Cost-efficiency by avoiding over-specified hardware Future-proofing by complying with network plans like 2G/3G phase-out Thingsdata & LTE UE Solutions Thingsdata supplies and supports a wide range of LTE-based hardware and connectivity services, including: Routers and modems from Teltonika, Robustel, and Peplink with various LTE Cat levels eSIM connectivity tailored to Cat 1, Cat M1, and NB-IoT Consulting on hardware selection for specific use cases (indoor, mobile, underground) Device management platforms for large-scale deployment and performance monitoring More Information Want to know which LTE UE category is best suited to your application? Thingsdata provides expert advice on hardware selection, network configuration, and connectivity.Contact us at…
Knowledge base

Docker container

A docker container is a standard unit of software that packages code and all of its dependencies so that the application can run quickly and reliably from one computing environment to another.
Knowledge base

5G NR

5G NR (New Radio) is a new radio access technology created by 3GPP for the 5G network. It is designed as the global standard for a unified, more capable air interface of 5G networks.
Knowledge base

Gateway

A gateway is located between edge systems (PLCs), devices on the one hand and the cloud on the other. With edge systems and devices you can think of installations, devices and sensors. The gateway exchanges useful information to the cloud by means of a mobile internet connection. Gateways basically offer more functionality than a router and can also work with serial ports RS232 and RS485, Modbus or MBus as well as analog and digital inputs & outputs.
Knowledge base

MFF2 embedded simcard

An MFF2 embedded simcard is a vacuum sealed simcard that can be soldered directly to the circuit board of your device. This increases reliability and reduces the impact of shock, corrosion and other environmental factors. The lifespan of an MFF2 embedded simcard is longer than that of a standard model. One of the biggest advantages of an MFF2 embedded simcard is the physical security, because the simcard is soldered directly to the circuit board of your device, removing it will be impossible.